TimeMaps

Middle East
3500BC

Farming has been established for thousands of years in the Middle East, and in the river valleys of ancient Mesopotamia the first true civilization in the history of mankind is appearing, that of the Sumerians.

The Sumerians live in large communities of many thousands of people - the first cities. Along with many other advances they are developing the techniques of writing, on which most future human progress will depend.

A second civilization is also beginning to emerge, that of Ancient Egypt in the Nile Valley.

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Middle East 2500BC »

Iraq

The first city-based civilization in history is appearing in Mesopotamia
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Egypt

One of the great civilizations of world history, that of Ancient Egypt, is taking shape in the Nile Valley.
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Africa

Most of Africa is home to bands of hunter- gatherers, but in the Nile valley, the civilization of Egypt is beginning to emerge
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Europe

Stone Age farming villages dot the landscape of Europe
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South Asia

Stone Age farmers and hunter-gatherers inhabit the Indian sub-continent
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Middle East
2500BC

The influence of Mesopotamian civilization has spread far and wide, carried by the trade networks radiating outwards from the Sumerian cities. Towns and cities are now scattered over a large part of the Middle East, and well beyond.

The second great civilization of the ancient world is now well established. Situated in the Nile valley, Egypt has already produced some of the most famous structures in all history, the great Pyramids of Giza.

« Middle East 3500BC | Middle East 1500BC »

Iraq

The Sumerian civilization flourishes in Ancient Mesopotamia
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Anatolia

Trade is drawing Asia Minor into the orbit of Mesopotamian civilization
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Iran

Iran is home to farmers and nomads
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Syria

The lands of Syria and Canaan are home to small cities and important trade routes
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Egypt

By this date Ancient Egypt has developed one of the great civilizations of world history.
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Europe

Europe is still inhabited by Stone Age farming peoples. Tribes speaking Indo-European languages are migrating into the continent from the east
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Africa

The civilization of Ancient Egypt now flourishes in the Nile valley
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South Asia

One of the great civilizations of the Ancient World has emerged in the Indus Valley
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Middle East
1500BC

The past thousand years have seen many upheavals in the Middle East, particularly in Mesopotamia and surrounding regions. Tribes from the fringes of the old civilizations have come in to create new states and empires: the Hittite, Mitanni and Babylonian empires are ruled by Indo-European speakers from the north and east. These states are joined by the New Kingdom of Egypt to form the leading powers of the region.

These centralized states are home to highly sophisticated - and already ancient - civilizations, with a complex commercial life, bureaucracies, and well-organized armies based on a new technology, the chariot. The struggles between them dominate the history of the Middle Eastern world at this period.

« Middle East 2500BC | Middle East 1000BC »

Iraq

Powerful states such as Babylon and the Mitanni now rule Mesopotamia
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Iran

Iran is home to farmers and nomads
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Syria

Syria and Canaan are lands of small city-states and migrant nomads
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Anatolia

The powerful Hittite empire in Asia Minor is one of the leading powers of the age
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Egypt

The civilization of Ancient Egypt is entering one of the most glorious periods of its history
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Europe

Bronze Age farming cultures now cover most of Europe, and in the south-east, the first European civilizations now flourish in Crete and Greece
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Africa

While the civilization of Ancient Egypt reaches new heights, farming based on new tropical plants is being pioneered south of the Sahara
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South Asia

The Indus Valley civilization has vanished, for reasons as yet unknown, and Indo-European tribes are moving into the sub-continent
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Middle East
1000BC

Great changes have wracked the Middle East over the past five centuries. The old powers of the ancient Middle East - Egypt, the Hittites, Assyria and Babylon - have all been devastated by invaders from outside their borders. The eclipse of these states has allowed new peoples, particularly the Phoenicians and Israelites, to come to the fore. Their achievements will have an enduring impact on world history.

Three major advances in civilization have taken place in recent centuries. Firstly, iron has come into widespread use, probably starting somewhere in Asia Minor. Secondly, the alphabet has been developed, again probably in Asia Minor but soon to be spread by Phoenician merchants around the Mediterranean and Middle East. A third occurence of world significanceis the appearance of the monotheism, carried into history by the Israelite tribes.

« Middle East 1500BC | Middle East 500BC »

Iran

Iran is home to farmers and nomads
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Iraq

The kingdoms of Assyria and Babylon have been greatly weakened by invasions from nomadic tribes
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Anatolia

The Hittite empire has suffered catastrophe at the hands of barbarian invaders
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Syria

The Phoenicians and Israelites are peoples who will change history
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Egypt

After centuries of greatness, the civilization of Ancient Egypt has now entered a long period of decline.
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Arabia

The camel has been domesticated, and trade routes now cross the great deserts of Arabia
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Europe

Major population movements in Europe have caused widespread upheaval, and the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations have vanished
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Africa

Farming and cattle herding is spreading in western and central Africa
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South Asia

Indo-European peoples are spreading across northern India
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Middle East
500BC

The history of the Middle East over the past 500 years or so has been one of imperial powers following one another in succession: first the Assyrians, then the Babylonians and Medians, and now the Persian empire, the largest state in the history of the Ancient World. This now covers the entire region and beyond.

This succession of great empires – and the policy that the Assyrians and Babylonians pursued of re-settling conquered peoples in scattered groups throughout their territories - has resulted in the upheaval of populations on a vast scale. As a result, old languages have vanished and Aramaean has become the lingua-franca of the region. With its simple-to-learn alphabet, this has greatly stimulated international trade and inter-regional communications. Middle Eastern civilization, by now three millennia old in its Mesopotamian heartland, has reached new heights.

« Middle East 1000BC | Middle East 200BC »

Iraq

The historic kingdoms of Mesopotamia have now fallen under the power of the Persian empire
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Iran

Iran, the centre of the great Persian empire
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Anatolia

For centuries a leading centre of civilization, Asia Minor is now part of the Persian empire
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Syria

The Phoenicians and Israelites have come under the power of a succession of great empires

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Egypt

Its ancient glories now in the past, Egypt is now just another province within the Persian empire
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Arabia

Arabia, a region of flourishing civilization and desert nomads
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Europe

The Iron Age Celts and their relatives dominate much of Europe, whilst in the Mediterranean land a number of brilliant city-state civilizations, most notably the Greeks, now flourish
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Africa

Bantu farmers from West Africa are beginning to spread out across the continent
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South Asia

In the age of the Buddha, urban civilization has again appeared in South Asia
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Middle East
200BC

The huge Persian empire was conquered in a series of brilliant campaigns by the young Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia, between 333 and 323 BC. These campaigns involved armies largely recruited from amongst the city-states of Greece.

Alexander’s empire failed to survive his early death, and his generals, together with some local princes, divided his conquests amongst themselves. These rulers and their descendants have founded numerous Greek-style cities, which can now be found scattered across the Middle Eastern world as far as India, and from which the ruling classes of these kingdoms are drawn. In them, Greek cultural traditions mix with more ancient native elements to form a fascinating hybrid civilization which modern scholars label "Hellenistic". It is at this time that some of the most spectacular "Greek" artistic and intellectual achievements occur.

« Middle East 500BC | Middle East 30BC »

Iraq

Mesopotamia is now ruled by descendants of one of Alexander the Great's generals, who plant many Hellenistic cities
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Iran

Iran - "the land of a thousand cities"
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Anatolia

In the wake of Alexander the Great's conquests, Asia Minor is now divided between several Hellenistic kingdoms
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Syria

Syria and Judaea are ruled by descendants of one of Alexander the Great's generals
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Egypt

Egypt is now ruled by monarchs descended from one of Alexander the Great's generals
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Arabia

Trade caravans bring precious spices across the desert from southern Arabia
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Europe

The Celts still dominate much of Europe, but a new power, Rome, is on the rise and is now the leading power in the western Mediterranean
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Africa

Trade routes across the Sahara desert are being pioneered, while, to the south, Bantu farmers continue their swift expansion across the continent
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South Asia

The great Maurya empire has conquered most of the Indian sub-continent
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Middle East
30BC

The Middle East is divided between two major powers, Rome to the west and Parthia to the east. This political division will characterise the history of the region for several centuries.

The social and cultural division is not so sharp, however. Greek civilization has left its mark on Mesopotamia and other parts of the Middle Eastern world, as a powerful ingredient in a mix containing more ancient cultures. Greek-style (or "Hellenistic") cities thrive under both the Romans and the Parthians, and in both empires art and architecture continue to be deeply effected by Greek influences.

« Middle East 200BC | Middle East 200AD »

Iraq

Although ruled by the Parthians, Mesopotamia still has many thriving Hellenistic cities
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Iran

Iran, the centre of the Parthian empire
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Anatolia

Asia Minor has fallen under the power of Rome.
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Syria

Syria is now a Roman province, and Judaea is under king Herod the Great
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Egypt

Egyptian independence has come to an end with the death of its famous queen, Cleopatra
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Arabia

Arabian civilization reaches a height of prosperity
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Ancient Rome

The Roman empire now dominates the entire Mediterranean world
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Europe

The Roman empire now rules much of Europe
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Africa

North Africa has all fallen under Roman rule, while in central Africa the Bantu expansion continues
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South Asia

The Mauryan empire has fragmented into many small states, and invaders from Central Asia now occupy much of northern India
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Middle East
200AD

The Middle East continues to be divided between the hostile empires of Rome and Parthia, with the kingdom of Armenia acting as a buffer between the two, regularly fought over. The Roman empire normally has the better of the fighting, and has launched two major invasions which have penetrated deep into the heartland of the Parthian empire. This situation will soon change, however, as a new, more effective regime comes to power in Iran.

One small part of the Middle East, Judaea, has seen dramatic developments. Firstly, it witnessed the life, death and (according to his disciples) resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth. Shortly, the new religion of Christianity was spreading widely in the region, and well beyond.

Secondly, Judaea was the scene of two great rebellions against the Roman empire (AD 66-71 and AD 132-36) which ended in the complete destruction of the Jewish holy city of Jerusalem (and its rebuilding as a Roman colony), and the dispersal of the Jewish people from their homeland.

« Middle East 30BC | Middle East 500AD »

Iraq

Under Parthian rule, Hellenistic civilization in Mesopotamia gradually gives way to local influences
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Iran

Iran, the centre of the Parthian empire
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Anatolia

The cities of Asia Minor have prospered under the peace which Roman rule has brought
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Syria

The Jews have been exiled from their homeland after two great revolts against Rome
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Egypt

Egypt is a province of the Roman empire
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Arabia

The civilization of southern Arabia is in decline
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Ancient Rome

The Roman empire has given two centuries of peace to the Mediterranean world
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Europe

The Roman empire has given much of Europe two centuries of peace and prosperity
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Africa

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South Asia

The Kushana empire is a centre for the spread of Buddhism into central and eastern Asia
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Middle East
500AD

The Middle East remains divided between the two superpowers of the region, the Roman empire in the west (now ruled from Constantinople) and the Persian empire in the east. The Persian empire has been ruled by the Sassanian dynasty since the early Third century, and they have proved more aggressive and formidable opponents of the Romans than their Parthian predecessors.

« Middle East 200AD | Middle East 750AD »

Iraq

Under Persian rule, Mesopotamia reaches a peak of prosperity
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Iran

Iran, the centre of the Persian empire
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Anatolia

The cities of Asia Minor remain prosperous centres of classical civilization
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Syria

Syria and Palestine, provinces of the Eastern Roman Empire
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Egypt

Egypt is a province of the Eastern Roman Empire
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Arabia

The civilization of southern Arabia has declined, along with the great desert trade routes
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Ancient Rome

The Roman empire has lost its western provinces to barbarian invaders, but the eastern half remains intact
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Europe

The western Roman empire has fallen to German invaders, but the eastern Roman empire remains intact
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Africa

A powerful new kingdom is arising in Ethiopia, while in West Africa trade routes across the Sahara are developing
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South Asia

Under the Gupta empire, north Indian civilization reaches a peak of achievement, while in south India there is a developing trade with SE Asia
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Middle East
750AD

During the 7th century the Middle East experienced one of the most dramatic upheavals in the entire history of the world. Arab tribes, motivated by a new religion, Islam, first united the whole Arabian peninsula under the rule of their Prophet, Muhammad, and his successors, and then swept outwards in a surge of conquest which took their armies as far afield as India in the east and Spain in the west. The great Persian empire vanished entirely under the onslaught, and the Byzantine empire lost its most valuable provinces. In their place, the Arabs established a vast empire, ruled from Damascus, in Syria.

Although now politically the ruling power in the Middle East and well beyond, the Muslim caliphate (so called because it is ruled by the "caliphs", meaning successors of the Prophet) has not imposed the religion of Islam on the subject populations. These by and large remain loyal to their earlier faiths, mainly different branches of Christianity, Judaism or Zoroastrianism. Outside Arabia, it is only in certain strategic centres of Muslim power that Islam is the majority religion.

« Middle East 500AD | Middle East 979AD »

Arabia

Arabia has become the springboard for dramatic conquests under the banner of a new religion, Islam
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Anatolia

Much of Asia Minor has been devastated by continuous warfware
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Syria

Syria is the centre of the Islamic Caliphate
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Egypt

Egypt has become a province of the Islamic Caliphate
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Iraq

Now under Arab rule, the people of Iraq are allowed to keep their previous religion and customs
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Iran

Iran, a province of the Arab empire and a centre of opposition to the Umayyad caliphate
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Europe

Medieval Europe is beginning to emerge from the wreckage of thr Ancient World.
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South Asia

Powerful regional kingdoms now dominate northern and central India.
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Middle East
979AD

The replacement of Damascus by Baghdad as the capital of the Caliphate in 752 shifted the centre of gravity of the Muslim world eastward. Shortly after this the empire began to beak up, with Spain, the Maghrib, Egypt, Syria, and much of Iran falling away from Baghdad’s control. By this date, indeed, the caliphs have ceased to exercise much personal power even in Baghdad, after the Buyids, a group of tribesmen from northern Iran, captured the city in 945.

As a result of these developments, the office of caliph has gradually taken on a symbolic rather than political role, acting as a focus for Muslim loyalty and legitimacy (most Muslim rulers call themselves emir, or governor, and, while acting as independent princes, emphasize their loyalty to the caliph).

The Buyid dynasty has itself recently gone into decline, and is rapidly losing its grip on Iraq.

The large majority of people in the Middle East are still not Muslims by this date, especially outside the large cities. Most of the population is Christian in one form or another.

« Middle East 750AD | Middle East 1215AD »

Anatolia

Asia Minor is the main recruiting ground for the army of the Byzantine empire
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Egypt

Under the Fatimids, Egypt becomes the leading centre of Islamic civilization
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Syria

Aleppo is a cenre of Islamic civilization
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Iraq

Harsh taxation, civil war and rebellion undermines the prosperity of Iraq
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Iran

Iran is falling away from control by the caliph in Baghdad
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Arabia

Arabia is home to Islamic sects seen as dangerous by the orthodox Muslims
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Europe

Western Europe experiences internal wars and external attacks which bring widespread insecurity and lead to the rise of feudalism

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South Asia

Rajput princes now rule many states in northern India,while in south India the Chola dynasty is dominant
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Middle East
1215AD

In the 11th century most of the Middle East fell to the Seljuqs, Muslim Turks from central Asia. After conquering western Iran and Iraq in the 1040s and 50s, occupying Baghdad in 1055, they went on to expand into Syria and Anatolia. They ruled their conquests in the name of the caliph, who was by now little more than a figurehead. The Seljuqs' empire soon began to break up, however, and its decline paved the way for the rise of regional states, mostly ruled by dynasties of Turkish origin.

By now, the majority of the population in the Middle East is Muslim. In the eastern parts, the replacement of native (non- or nominal-Muslim) elites by alien (but passionately Islamic) Turks has encouraged the population to look to local Muslim leaders for protection, and this has encouraged the spread of Islam here. In the western parts, especially in Syria and Palestine, the invasion of alien Christian Crusaders onto their soil has led local people to convert en masse to Islam.

Despite political disunity, the Islamic world remains unified in many important ways. The Arabic and Persian languages are the international mediums of religion, government, culture and commerce. Scholars and teachers travel freely throughout the Muslim world to study and teach, giving this vast area an impressive cultural unity. And the annual pilgrimage to Mecca gives all who participate in it an enormous sense of solidarity with other Muslims, wherever they come from.

« Middle East 979AD | Middle East 1453AD »

Anatolia

The Turkish sultanate of Rum now rules in Asia Minor
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Egypt

Egypt is now under the dynasty of the renowned Muslim leader, Saladin
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Syria

Crusaders from Europe have invaded Syria and Palestine, but have been pushed back to the coast by Saladin
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Iraq

Although Iraq continues to deteriorate, Baghdad is a major centre of Islamic civilization
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Iran

Iran, now under Turkish rulers
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Arabia

The civilization of southern Arabia has declined, along with the great desert trade routes
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South Asia

Rajput princes rule much of northern India, while in the south the Chola empire has flourished
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Africa

The expansion of trade in West Africa is leading to the rise of new kingdoms
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Europe

European feudalism is at its height

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Middle East
1453AD

The Middle East fell to Genghis Khan and his Mongol hordes from central Asia in the 1230s, 40s and 50s. They captured Baghdad in 1258 and killled last of the caliphs. They were only stopped by the Mamluq Turks, a group of slave-soldiers who went on to seize control of Egypt and Syria and oust the remaining Crusaders from their toe-holds on the Levant coast.

When the vast Mongol empire was divided amongst the descendants of Ghengis Khan, the Midldle East fell to a branch which became known as the Il-khans. These converted to Islam and became typical Muslim rulers until, like all previous dynasties, their power too fell into decline and the usual fragmentation set in. In the 1340s the region was struck by the dreadful Black Death. In the late 14th century another conqueror from central Asia, Timur, became master of most of the Middle East, with the major exception of Egypt and Syria, still under the Mamluqs.

When Timur died, his empire soon also declined, his descendants retaining only eastern Iran. Iraq has fallen under the control of another group from central Asia, the Black Sheep Turks. Meanwhile, in Asia Minor, the Byzantines have at last been driven out and that area is now under the Ottoman Turks. In this year, 1453, the Ottomans capture the great Byzantine capital, Constantinople itself.

« Middle East 1215AD | Middle East 1648AD »

Anatolia

The Ottoman empire now covers Asia Minor and this year captures the Byzantine capital of Constantinople
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Arabia

Yemen has been a centre of trade and Islamic culture
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Syria

Syria is now under the Mamluqs, a group of slave-soldiers based in Egypt
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Egypt

Egypt is now ruled by a class of slave-soldiers, the Mamluqs
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Iran

Iran has become a brilliant centre of Islamic civilization
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Iraq

Iraq is now ruled by a tribe from central Asia called the Black Sheep Turks
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Africa

New kingdoms are emerging in different parts of Africa
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Europe

The old feudal order and is beginning to give way to early modern Europe

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South East Asia

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Middle East
1648AD

Most of the Middle East has come under the rule of two major powers. The Ottoman empire conquered Syria in 1516, Egypt in 1517, eastern Arabia (the Hejaz and Yemen) in the following years, and Iraq in 1534. The Ottomans have brought much needed peace and stability to these countries, and a measure of economic progress. To the east has arisen the other major Middle Eastern power, Safavid Iran. Under the Safavids, Iran has experienced a period of cultural achievement, particularly in architecture.

« Middle East 1453AD | Middle East 1789AD »

Anatolia

Anatolia is the centre of one of the great empires of world history, the Ottoman empire
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Syria

Syria is now part of the Ottoman empire
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Egypt

Egypt is now a part of the Ottoman empire
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Arabia

The Ottoman empire is the dominant power within the Arabian peninsula
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Iraq

Iraq is now a part of the Ottoman empire
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Iran

Iran under the Safavids continues to be a brilliant centre of Islamic civilization
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Europe

Developments such as the Renaissance, the Reformation, and the expansion of trade and colonization throughout the world, have transformed Europe
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South Asia

The Mughal empire now rules much of the Indian sub-continent
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Africa

Large numbers of Africans are being taken to the Americas as slaves
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Middle East
1789AD

The huge Ottoman empire has been coming under increasing pressure from the European powers of Austria and Russia. Internally, Ottoman rule has been weakened by the rise of provincial leaders who exercise a great deal of independence from the sultan's government.

Luckily for the Ottomans, Iran has experienced a much steeper decline. The Safavid dynasty has fallen from power, and Iranian governments have become increasingly unstable. Through all this, however, the Shi'ite branch of Islam has been strengthening its hold on the country.

« Middle East 1648AD | Middle East 1837AD »

Anatolia

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Arabia

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Egypt

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Iran

Iran under the Safavids continues to be a brilliant centre of Islamic civilization
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Iraq

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Syria

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Africa

The Atlantic Slave Trade is at its height, and having a destructive impact on wide areas of the African interior
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Europe

The foundations for worldwide scientific and military dominance are being laid in the struggles between European nations
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South Asia

The Mughal empire has declined and the British empire is growing
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Middle East
1837AD

The Ottoman empire has continued to lose territory; above all, it has effectively lost control of Egypt. However, on the verge of seemingly inevitable break-up, it takes important steps towards modernizing itself and reimposes its authority over its remaining Middle Eastern provinces. Egypt also introduces some modernization, superficially at least. Iran continues to experience weakness and decline.

« Middle East 1789AD | Middle East 1871AD »

Anatolia

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Arabia

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Egypt

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Iran

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Iraq

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Syria

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Africa

The Zulu conquests have caused turmoil over a large part of Africa
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Europe

Europe continues to be transformed by intellectual change and industrial expansion
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South Asia

The British East India Company now controls most of India
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Middle East
1871AD

The lands of the Ottoman empire have experienced renewed centralised rule, with the provincial elites being brought back under the authority of the sultan's government. The notable exception to this is Egypt, which is now essentially an independent country. In Iran, weak government and social stagnation continue.

Throughout the Middle East, European (especially British and French) economic influence is increasingly apparent. This is especially the case with the opening of the Suez canal. This has turned the region into a main thoroughfare of global trade, as well as an important link in the chains connecting the European powers with their overseas empires.

« Middle East 1837AD | Middle East 1914AD »

Anatolia

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Arabia

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Egypt

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Iran

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Iraq

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Syria

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Africa

European explorers have visited the interior of Africa
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Europe

Nationalism and industrialization continue to transform Europe
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South Asia

The British almost lost control of India in a great rebellion, but were able to reimpose their rule
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Middle East
1914AD

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« Middle East 1871AD | Middle East 1960AD »

Anatolia

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Europe

European nations now rule much of the world, but their rivalries have set them on a course for war
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South Asia

British rule in India is at its height
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Africa

The European powers have divided almost the whole of Africa up between them
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Middle East
1960AD

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« Middle East 1914AD | Middle East 2005AD »

Anatolia

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Europe

Europe has experienced two devastating world wars, and is now divided between East and West
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South Asia

The British have left the Indian subcontinent, which is now divided amongst different nations
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Africa

The European nations are starting to withdraw from the empires in Africa
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Middle East
2005AD

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« Middle East 1960AD

Anatolia

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Europe

Most of Europe now belongs to the EU
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South Asia

Tension remain high between Pakistan and India, both nuclear-armed states
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Africa

All European powers have withdrawn from their empires in Africa
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